Foundations Management

Introduction The external environment of an organization plays an important role when it comes to the strategic management of an organization’s activities. While many managers focus on the various internal dimensions of an organization, they rarely place the same emphasis on the external environment which is usually at times dynamic, fast-changing and volatile.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Foundations Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The external environment of an organization is usually made up of the political, economic, social and technological factors which in one way or another affect the functions and operations of an organization (Witcher and Chau 2010). An analysis of these factors is important for an organization as it will allow the managers to develop strategies that will allow the organization to deal with any changes that might exist in the external environment. Strategy which is an important part of a company’s operations refers to the means used by the company to achieve the long term objectives and goals that have been set. Strategies are the actions which are used by managers to direct the functions of employees so that the goals and objectives of the organization can be achieved. Strategies are important for an organization because they affect the long-term prosperity and functionality of the organization (Goldman and Nieuwenhuizen 2006). Managers have to develop strategies that are future oriented to ensure they reflect the vision of the company. Because of the multifunctional consequences they have on business operations, the internal and external factors have to be considered when developing suitable strategies for the organization (Mason 2007). Many studies have been conducted on the factors that make up the external environment of an organization (Canzer 2006) as well as strategic management for company managers (Sadler and Craig 2003). The re however exists limited research on the relationship between these two aspects.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The current research will seek to review previous and current research that will shed more light on the relationship that exists between an organization’s external environment and the strategy developed by the organization to achieve its long term goals. The study will provide a review of the existing research conducted on the relationship between external factors and organizational strategy. Basic information on Strategy and Environment Based on the classical Chandlerian view developed by Chandler in 1962 on organizational strategy, structure and the environment, Chandler was able to note that the environment of an organization determined the strategy that would be formulated by the organization’s players which in turn determined the structure of t he organization. Chandler basically proposed that environment, strategy and structure were concepts that were directly related to each other. However this line of thought changed with modern researchers such as Hall and Saias and Whittington et al (1999 cited by Wiegl 2008) who noted that strategy, structure and environment were different constructs. The above mentioned researchers were able to note that the existing inter-organizational structures determined the type of capacity an organization had to develop specific strategies that would reflect the conditions of the external environment. The researchers noted that both strategy and structure were usually influenced by the external environment. Managers therefore had to adapt their decisions to reflect the goings on of the external environment thereby ensuring that the internal environment of the organization was able to respond to the external environment of the organization. Miles and Snow, Pfeffer and Salancik, Mintzberg and S tarbuck who all conducted their studies on the relationship between the environment and strategy in the 1970s were able to argue that the environmental conditions of an organization had to be taken into account when investigating the types of strategy that existed within an organization (Weigl 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Foundations Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Scholars in the field of strategic management have been able to conceptualize the external environment of an organization as one of the major constructs that can be used to understand the strategic management activities of an organization. According to Hall and Tolbert (2005 cited by Weigl 2008) the environment of an organization is referred to as any external or internal phenomena that influences the performance of an organization. The external phenomena include factors such as political, socio-cultural, economic and technologic al factors while the internal phenomena included factors such as the employees, organizational structure and managers of an organization. These phenomena according to Hall and Tolbert played an important role in strategy decision making within an organization. Hall and Tolbert noted that the internal and external factors that affected the performance of a business pointed to the fact organizations in general do not exist in a vacuum. The factors that existed in the organization’s environment were usually used to develop the strategy of the organization and these factors fell into the three environments of an organization which include the macro-environment, the operating environment and the internal environment (Wiegl 2008). The factors that exist in the macro environment include economic, social, political and legal factors while the factors that exist in the operating environment include regulatory agencies, competitors, customers and stakeholders of the company. The factor s that exist in the internal environment include trade unions, board of directors, employees and the managers of the company. These factors have proved to be important when developing strategies and strategic decisions that will be used by the organization in its operation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Previous documented research from scholars such as Ansoff, Lawrence and Lorsch who all conducted their studies in the 1960s have been able to reveal that there is a contingent relationship between the environments of an organization and strategic decision making (Weigl 2008). Strategic management scholars such as Lenz and Engledow (1986 cited by Weigl 2008) were able to note that the type of strategic plan adopted by an organization had the ability to influence the external environment in which the organization operated in. Such a theoretical perspective meant that the creation and alignment of strategic decisions was a recurring process for organizations that were directly in contact with their environments. According to researchers such as Tan and Tan (cited by Weigl 2008), the recurring interaction that took place between an organization’s environment and strategic adaptation was conceptualized as a continuously evolving cycle of the interdependence between environment and strategy. Relationship between the External Environment and Strategy As mentioned in the introductory part of this discussion, there exists abundant research on the external environment of an organization as well as strategy and strategic management which are all important concepts to an organization. There have been however limited studies that have been conducted to explain the relationship that exists between the two. The most recent research conducted on this relationship is that done by Mason (2007) who was able to analyze the effect an organization’s external environment had on the development of strategy and strategic operations that would guide the business performance of the organization. Mason (2007) primarily focused on the impact of the external environment on the choice managers made when developing strategic management activities. The findings of his study revealed that companies which operated in dynamic, volatile and rapidly changing external environments nor mally developed fast and radical strategies that would respond to this type of external environment. In the case of organizations that operated in less turbulent external environments, Mason (2007) was able to note that organizations developed adaptive and less disruptive strategies that would respond to such an environment. Wong (1991) who is among the few researchers to conduct a study on the relationship between the external environment and organizational strategy focused on how organizational strategies developed for manufacturers in the United States could be adapted to reflect the external environment. Wong (1991) focused on the marketing, production, financial, distribution and logistical operations of the companies to ascertain whether the strategies developed for these functions were adapted to suit the external environment. The findings of his study revealed that these operations were mostly affected by a dominant factor that existed in the external environment which was c ompetition from foreign manufacturers. The companies understudy were able to develop organizational strategies that would be able to accommodate foreign competition. Wong (1991) was able to note that while the manufacturing companies operated in the same industry, they had differing perceptions on the factors that exist in their external environments. They all however maintained that the external environment affected the strategic operations and activities of an organization. Voiculet et al (2010) were also able to conduct a study on the impact of the external environment on the organizational development of strategy. The researchers were able to note that the actions of factors which make up the external environment had a direct and indirect effect on the formulation of strategy within the organization. They were also able to note that an analysis of the external environment provided important information on how strategy formulation within an organization could be conducted. Viocul et et al (2010) identified the two important external environments that affected how an organization’s managers developed their strategies and these were the macro environment and the operating environment of an organization. As mentioned earlier the external factors that exist in the macro environment include economic, social, political and legal factors while the factors that exist in the operating environment include regulatory agencies, competitors, customers and stakeholders of the company. These factors according to Vioculet et al (2010) proved to be important when developing strategies and strategic decisions that would be used by the organization in achieving organizational objectives and goals. Influence of the External Environment on Strategy Prescott in his 1986 study was able to provide important evidence on the way the external environment of an organization influenced strategy formulation and strategic management within organizations. Prescott (cited by Burke 20 11) was able to note that the perceptions that most organizational executives had of the external environment directly affected their strategic decisions. For example if the managers had a perception that the external environment was going to be volatile at a future date based on current conditions, they would develop strategies that would allow the organization to adapt quickly to these environmental conditions. They therefore had to incorporate external conditions when making important strategic decisions that would determine the direction the organization would take in the future. Plohart et al (2006) noted that how an organization perceived its external environment with particular focus on its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats influenced the type of strategy that the organization’s managers were likely to pursue in that type of environment. The researchers focused on how the external environment affected the staffing needs of organizations where past resear ch revealed that staffing was a by-product of the strategy formulation process. According to research conducted by Snow and Snell in 1993 (cited by Plohart et al 2006), organizations that operated within fast-changing and dynamic environments were forced to develop strategies that would allow them to adapt quickly to the prevailing conditions. Based on Hall and Tolbert’s 2005 study, the interdependence that existed between strategy and the external environment demonstrated the type of mutual and dynamic relationship that existed between these two concepts. Scholars such as Weick (1969 cited by Weigl 2008) explained the strategy-environment relationship by calling it the environmental enactment relationship meaning that organizations had to respond to the external environmental conditions for them to generate suitable strategic choices. Such a reciprocal perspective offered an assumption that change within an organization was not an outcome of managerial adaptation or environm ental selection, but it was rather a result of the external environmental and also the strategic adaptation chosen by the organization (Weigl 2008). Consequently, scholars of strategic management noted that the strategy and environment of an organization were constructs that were related. Recent studies such as those done by Chan et al in 2006 on the strategy-environment relationship were able to reveal that alignment within an organization played an important role in adapting an organization to the external environment. Chan et al were also able to note that organizations that operated in transition economies saw the influence of the external environment as an important asset especially when developing highly constrained and complex strategic decisions. The external environment played an important part in influencing the type of strategic decisions that would be made by managers and other decision making authorities within an organization (Weigl 2008). Conclusion This review has fo cused on determining the type of relationship that exists between the external environment of an organization and its strategy. The review conducted on various literature and academic sources has been able to reveal that there exists a direct and indirect relationship between the two concepts. The review has revealed that when formulating strategies, the strategic decision makers of an organization have to analyze the conditions that exist in the internal and external environment to ensure that the organization is able to adapt its operations to reflect those in these environments. The strategy-environment relationship is therefore important for an organization when it comes to making strategic choices. References Burke, W.W., (2011) Organization change: theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. Canzer, B., (2006) E-business: strategic thinking and practice. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company Goldman, G., and Nieuwenhuizen, C., (2006) Strategy: sustaining comp etitive  advantage in a globalized context. Cape Town, South Africa: Juta and Company Mason, R.B., (2007) The external environment’s effect on management and strategy: A complexity theory approach, Management Decision, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp.10 – 28 Plohart, R.E., Schneider, B., and Schmitt, N., (2006) Staffing organizations:  contemporary practice and theory. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Sadler, P., and Craig, J.C., (2003) Strategic management. London: Kogan Page Vioculet, A., Belu, N., Parpandel, D.E., and Rizea, I.C., (2010) The impact of external  environment on organizational development strategy. MPRA Paper No. 26303. Available at:  https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/26303/1/MPRA_paper_26303.pdf Weigl, T., (2008) Strategy, structure and performance in a transition economy. Frankfurt, Germany: Gabler-Verlag Springer Science. Witcher, B.J., and Chau, V.S., (2010) Strategic management; principles and practice. Hampshire, United Kingdom: Cengage Learnin g Wong, Y.Y., (1991) Adapting organizational strategies to evolving environment: a  multiple-case study of United States apparel manufacturers. Paper AAI9219393, Lincoln: University of Nebraska This essay on Foundations Management was written and submitted by user Lilliana Clay to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Math Checkup Unit 1 Lesson 3 Essays

Math Checkup Unit 1 Lesson 3 Essays Math Checkup Unit 1 Lesson 3 Essay Math Checkup Unit 1 Lesson 3 Essay Essay Topic: A Lesson Before Dying Linear Functions Answer the following questions using what youve learned from this lesson. Write your responses in the space provided, and turn the assignment in to your instructor. 1. What is the slope of the line in the graph below? Show your work. Answer: To find out the slope, you must first take two separate points on the graph, such as (-5,-1) and (0,1). Then, it’s a simple matter to use the equation [pic] to find the slope: [pic]= [pic] 2. What is the slope of the line represented by the table of values below? How do you know? |x |y | |-2 |3 | -1 |4. 5 | |0 |6 | |1 |7. 5 | |2 |9 | Answer: By taking two different (x,y) values from the table and using the [pic] formula, we can easily find the slope. For example, let’s use (-2,3) and (0,6): [pic]= [pic] 3. Which of the following graphs could be the graph of y = 4x 5? Circle the letter of your answer(s) and explain your choice(s). a. b. c. d. 4. Write the equation of the line that passes through the points (3,7) and (-1,2) in: The slope is [pic]=[pic]=[pic] a. Point-slope form -2=[pic](x+1) b. Slope-intercept form y=[pic]x+[pic] 5. What is the slope of a line that is perpendicular to [pic]? Show your work. Answer: A line perpendicular to y=[pic]x would have a slope that’s the reciprocal of the slope to y=[pic]x. So the answer is [pic]. 6. Write the equation of a line passing through (0,6) and parallel to the line [pic]. Answer: y=[pic]x+6 7. Which of the following tables of values could have been generated by a linear function? How do you know? a. |x |y | |-2 | -3 | |-1 |-5 | 0 |-7 | |1 |-9 | |2 |-11 | b. |x |y | |-2 |1 | |-1 |3 | |0 |6 | |1 |10 | |2 |15 | c. |x |y | |-2 |1 | |-1 |1 | |0 |1 | |1 |1 | |2 |1 | Answer:Table A is a linear function, since it has an even distribution in both its x and y values. Table B is NOT a linear function, since it doesn’t have an even distribution in its y values. Table C is a linear function, since it has an even distribution in both its x and y values. 8. For each table in #7 that could have been generated by a linear function, calculate the slope of the line produced by that function. Answer: The rise over run formula [pic] shows the slope of a function table. Table A has a slope of [pic]= [pic]= -2. Table C has a slope of [pic]= [pic]= 0. 9. The cost of hosting a dinner in a particular restaurant is given by y = 18. x + 250, where x is the number of people at the dinner and y is dollars. What is the slope of this function? What does it mean in the context of the problem? Answer: The slope is 18. 5. It means that each person that attends costs $18. 50. 10. The cost of hosting a dinner in a particular restaurant is given by y = 18. 5x + 250, where x is the number of people at the dinner and y is dollars. What is the y-intercept of this function? What does it mean in the context of the problem? Answer: The y-intercept is 250. This means that you must pay $250 BEFORE you pay for each guest’s meal. 11.Write the equation of the line that is parallel to the x-axis and goes through the point (1,4). Answer: y=4 12. Does the point (2,6) lie on the line that connects (1,4) and (0,3)? Explain. Answer: The equation for the slope of (1,4) and (0,3) is y=x+3. Just plug (2,6) into the equation: 6=2+3? No. 6=/=2+3 So, no. (2,6) does not lie in the line that connects (1,4) and (0,3). 13. Which of the following pairs of lines are perpendicular? How do you know? Perpendicular? a. [pic] and [pic]No. Their slopes are NOT negative reciprocals. b. [pic]and [pic]Yes. Their slopes are negative reciprocals. c. [pic]and [pic]No.Their slopes are NOT negative reciprocals. 14. Jeremy uses the linear function G = 12h + 50 to represent the grade, G (in points out of 100), that he can earn on an exam as a function of h, the number of hours he spends studying for the exam. a. Identify the slope and y-intercept of Jeremys function and explain what they mean in the context of the problem. The slope is 12 and the y-intercept is 50. This means that Jeremy’s score, if he didn’t study, would be 50. However, for every hour he studies, his score will go up 12 points. b. If Jeremy spends 3 hours studying for the exam, what grade does he expect to earn?Show your work. G = 12(3) + 50 = 36 + 50 = 86 Jeremy can expect to earn 86 points on the test if he studies for 3 hours. c. How many hours should Jeremy study if he wants to earn a perfect score on the exam? Show your work. 100 = 12h + 50 50 = 12h h = 4 hours, 10 minutes. 15. Suppose that demand, D, for a particular product is given by the function D = 100 2p, where p is the price in dollars of the product and D is the number of products that can be sold at that price. a. What does the slope of this function mean in the context of the problem? The slope shows that for each dollar the price increases, two less items will be sold. b.What price should be set in order to sell 75 items? Show your work. 75 = 100 2p 2p = 25 p = $12. 50 The price should be set as $12. 50 to sell 75 items. 16. Temperature may be given in degrees Celsius or in degrees Fahrenheit. The freezing point of water is 32(F or 0(C. The boiling point of water is 212(F or 100(C. a. Write the equation of a line that shows the relationship between degrees Fahrenheit and degrees Celsius. C=[pic](F-32) b. What is the temperature in Fahrenheit when it is 17oC? 62. 6 Fahrenheit c. What is the temperature in Celsius when it is 79oF? 26. 1 Celsius 17. Write at least three different expressions that mean slope. Answer: Slope=[pic]=[pic]=[pic] 18. In order to write the equation of a line, what two pieces of information do you need? (Hint: there may be more than one answer to this question. ) Answer: You must know both the slope and y-intercept to write the equation of a line. 19. The cost of manufacturing soccer balls is given by C = 24,000 + 7x, where x is the number of soccer balls produced. a. What is the slope of this equation and what does it represent in the context of the problem? The slope is 7, and that means each soccer ball costs $7. b. What is the y-intercept of this equation and what does it represent in the context of the problem?The y-intercept is 24,000, and it means that you have to pay $24,000 BEFORE making any soccer balls. c. If a manufacturer wanted to spend less than $30,000 to produce soccer balls, what is the maximum number of balls that can be produced? Show your work. 30000=24000+7x 6000=7x 857. 14=x The maximum number of soccer balls that can be made without spending above $30000 is 857. 20. Write the equation of a line that is parallel to the line connecting (2,5) and (-1,-4). Answer: y=3x+5 This is the only line with a negative slope and a negative intercept.

Philosophy of mind Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philosophy of mind - Essay Example It critically analyzes some of the arguments in favor of and against this perspective as well as its relationship with epiphenomenalism and implications on the immortality of the soul. Most proponents of dualism concur that the soul and the mind are the same but are different from the physical brain and its processes. There is a section of dualists who perceive the mind as an emergent material of the physical brain. Known as property dualists, they assert that though the mind is dependent upon the brain, it is not the same as the brain or its functions (Baker & Morris, 2013). The concept of dualism is often credited to Rene Descartes although he is not the origin of the concept precedes him. Classical dualism theories have existed since the creation. The Bible and most religious books teach about the nature of the soul (or mind) as separate and distinct from the physical body and brain. If we believe in the dualistic philosophy that the universe is not restricted to matter, then there is relatively strong evidence (scientific and rational) that supports body-mind dualism. The most challenging problem that dualism seems to solve is the relationship that exists between the apparently immaterial mind and the material body. In the subsequent section, this paper looks at some arguments for and against dualism. In the modern conception of the mind-body problem, Descartes’ approach is used to explain the distinct nature of the mind and body. A dualist can argue that while the body can be seen by anyone interested, the mind is private and cannot be explored by another person. The nature of the mind is difficult to comprehend even for the person who holds the mind. ‘Intentionality’ is another relatively modern explanation for the apparent difference between the body and soul. Dualism argues that while the mind possesses intentionality, the body lacks this property. Mental processes are about certain things and concern concepts, places

Content analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Content analysis - Essay Example Net energy output comprised ethanol and co- product energy credit less energy inputs. Analysis was conducted on the life trends of corn ethanol systems leading to mainstream of United States power to approximate greenhouse gas release and energy efficiencies on the foundation of restructured standards for crop managing and output, biorefinery process, and co-product consumption. Direct consequence greenhouse gas release was projected to reduce as compared to gasoline. A graph of Biorefinery thermal energy efficiency in corn production against previous tears estimates were compared. Another graph of new energy yield against greenhouse gas emissions indicated a reduction of corn-ethanol systems. Charts to show regional variability in the corn ethanol system performance were used. Greenhouse gas reductions expected in this research permit a greater buffer for addition of circumlocutory effect land utilization and adjustment emissions whereas still attaining regulatory greenhouse gas reduction targets. These results corn-ethanol suggests that systems have substantially greater potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, as well as reduction of overdependence on imported petroleum for transportation fuels. An advanced closed-loop biorefinery with anaerobic digestion abridged greenhouse gas release and improved the net energy ratio. The research found that instead of being controlled by the customary models to measuring intangibles, through modern greenhouse gas coverage frameworks, a better open method is established which would advance the suitability and apply the worth of use and gas renewal

What is a wireless pineapple and how does it work Essay

What is a wireless pineapple and how does it work - Essay Example akes the attacker capable of pulling a number of tricks.Wifi Pineapple Mark V is Equipped with 2 radios it can work in client mode meaning it can piggyback on a nearby WiFi network and bridge the victims connections .Hak5 focuses on making easily accessible, affordable and infinitely expandable wireless hacking tools. Since 2008 the WiFi Pineapple has been serving penetration testers, law enforcement, military and government with a versatile wireless auditing platform for almost any deployment scenario.† (Mark, 2014) The wireless pineapple works in a unique way. Normally, any wireless devise would try to connect to the previous or last websites that were used. The Karma method often sends out probe request to want information from a specified point by SSID or access points that are specified by the broadcast SSID.The correct access point-AP,will always probe a response in which the client will initiate an association thus connection to home networks. However, a malicious device can break the code based system making the pineapple to responds to whatever AP the device has asked therefore deceiving it into believing they are home. This will make the attackers to access the information that they are not supposed to view. The WIFI pineapple is subjected to numerous risks. Ordinarily, the honey pots are usually set to get the traffic of the browser. When an individual sends data using the attackers system he or she opens herself to sslstrip risks. This sslstrip often rechannel the HTTPS traffic to HTTP equivalent thereby opening way to attackers. However, these risks can be mitigated using the following ways: (Anonymous, 2012) V. PineAP.This is "the next-gen rogue AP". This reduces Karma attack by sending Broadcast probe request only instead of all the SSIDs.This enables the APs to with a beacon with the information they are broadcasting. This enables the customer to decide on the one to connect to making it secure. The PineAP has several modules that make it to

Immunocompromised Infection with Behçet Disease

Immunocompromised Infection with Behà §et Disease Abstract Behà §et disease is a relapsing multiorgan inflammatory disorder characterised by mucocutaneous, opthalmic, neurological, vascular and gastrointestinal involvement. We report an intriging case with rare manifestations of myositis and myocarditis, and the first reported occurrence of an immunocompromised-associated infection (polymicrobial necrotising fasciitis) without immunosuppresive therapy use in this presumably hyperimmune disorder. Lessons from practice: 1. Behà §et Disease is a rare autoimmune condition with significant geographical variation in its distribution and is most prevalent in people of Turkish background. 2. Behà §et disease is a systemic disease with predominant symptoms of oral ulcerations, genital ulcerations and uveitis. Other systemic involvement include neurological, gastrointestination, rheumatic, dermatological manifestation. Less common but well described manifestation include muscle and cardiac involvement. 3. The unexplained manifestation of Type 1 necrotising fascitis in this patient suggests that immune dysregulation in Behà §et disease could contribute to primary immunosuppression. It is important to maintain high viligance for risk of infection in Behà §et disease. Clinical Record A 40-year-old woman presented to hospital for investigation of progressive malaise, anorexia and generalised proximal myalgia over 6 days with an elevated serum creatine kinase [CK] of 3550 U/L (reference range [RR] < 145). She is of Spanish and Turkish ethnic background. Her medical history included transfusion-related Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection, lower limb deep vein thrombosis with Factor V Leiden mutation and depression. She denied any infective symptoms, recent trauma or stenuous exercise, rash or athralgias. Physical examation was unremarkable except for proximal generalised myalgia without weakness. Laboratory investigations initially revealed a normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein (CRP). Over the next 72 hours, she developed an acute bilateral polyathropathy of the wrist and metacarpalphalangeal joints. Multiple cutaneous manifestations were observed including (1) a rapidly evolving erythema nodosum-like rash over the legs which later progressed into a purpuric non-blanching rash with fluctuant subcutaneous oedema, (2) multiple oral aptheous ulcers and (3) perioral acneiform papular nodules. Further laboratory studies showed mildy raised inflammatory markers and a normalising CK of 428 U/L. The results of investigations for differential diagnoses were unremarkable. (Table 1) Multiple skin biopsies showed a neutrophilic-dermatosis like reaction. On day 6, she developed a mildly tender natal cleft excoriation which progressively became pustular over 2 days with a dramatic increase in CRP >380mg/L and worsening renal function. She remained systemically well. A wound swab grew methicillin-sensitive staphylococcus aureus. Oral flucloxacillin and metronidazole were commenced. MRI showed enhanced T2 signals in the presacral fascia correlating to the sacral wound. A biopsy of the natal cleft wound showed similar findings to previous skin biopsies. Simultaneously, a pathergy-like reaction was noted with previous intravenous-cannula and biopsy sites becoming pustular. At this point, further clinical history revealed a 5 year history of recurrent oral and gential ulcerations up to 4 episodes a year. A clinical diagnosis of Behà §et disease was made. Subsequent HLA-B51 testing and ophthalmological examination were unremarkable. On day 10, she deteriorated acutely becoming hypotensive and hypoxic. Computer tomography (CT) pulmonary angiography revealed bilateral pneumonia. Serum white cell count and CK increased substantially from 11.0 x109/L to 37.2 x109/L (RR 4.0 – 11.0) and 233 U/L to 3715 U/L respectively in 4 days. She was intubated, commenced on broad-spectrum antibiotics with systemic glucocoticoid and inotropic support. A further CT of the pelvis revealed numerous sacral subcutaneous gas locules and fluid. Multiple debridement procedures achieved drainage of large amount of pus and excision of the necrotic tissue. Sacral necrotising myofasciits was confirmed on a frozen section specimen showing extensive necrosis within subcutis, fascia and skeletal muscle with numerous mixed bacteria. Post-operatively, a substantially elevated cardiac Troponin-I level of 51.33 ug/L (RR

The Character of Ophelia Essay -- William Shakespeare Tragedies Essays

The Character of Ophelia In Shakespeare’s tragedies, the characters all have flaws that eventually lead to their undoing. In the play Hamlet, the character of Ophelia is ultimately killed by her flaw. It is apparent that Ophelia is an obedient person but, upon closer inspection, the audience can see that she is not merely obedient. Ophelia’s thoughts and actions go beyond obedience to show that she is a weak and entirely dependent character. Nothing that she says or does is a representation of herself but mostly that of her father. Ophelia’s cruel actions towards Hamlet, which go against her feelings for him, demonstrate her obedience to her father. In the beginning of the play, Ophelia tells her father that she likes Hamlet but her later actions sacrifice these personal feelings under the order of her father. She does as her father says regardless of how it could affect her own life. In particular, Ophelia agrees not to see Hamlet anymore after the request from her father: â€Å"I shall obey, my lord...†(act 1, scene 4). Ophelia’s actions show that Polonius has complete control over her because she sacrifices her personal feelings to please him. Ophelia’s obedience goes deeper than her trying to please her father and shows what a weak character she is. When Hamlet harasses her and tells her to go to a nunnery where she can no longer harm anyone, she does not try to defend herself. Instead, she just feels sorry for herself. Ophelia could not su...

Bush Sr & Clinton East Asian Security Approaches Essay

President Bush via a main strategic reappraisal as well as continuing below president Clinton together with the U. S Secretaries of Defense Aspin and Perry. The previous administration tried and it is still trying to come into good terms with domestic pressures. It wants a calm dividend as well to adapt what the U. S has been always doing strategically to post cold war circumstances in a safe plus cautious way. All of this assists in helping to keep alive the rationales behind a United States bilateral security relationship with its Northeast Asian allies. Regardless of these echoes of the cold war, there is no one who can escape the truth that the cold war is presently over and that the Soviet Union does no longer exist. Furthermore, in Northeast Asia, also, the need has emerged to restructure U. S post Cold War alliances in order to make them fit the moments. A revision of the bilateral alliance relations goes on; there has been mounting interest in applying multilateral approaches towards the region’s issues. The Clinton administration did not have a well developed vision for what it intended to do in the Asia Pacific region during the time it entered the office. This seems to exactly know how it intended to deal with Asia by putting greater emphasis relatively within diplomacy as well security on a multilateral means over bilateral venues. During the first Clinton administration, inspiration regarding this approach appears to stalk from a bit reluctant admiration for the ways Southeast Asian states have tried to utilize multilateral techniques. The successes enjoyed by hatchling economic organizations in Asia such like the Pacific Basin Economic Council, the APEC forum and the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council. In any case, Assistant Secretary of State for East Asia together with the Pacific Affairs Winston Lord signaled the administration of Clinton. They signaled because Clinton had an intention of relaxing past United States objections towards multilateralism. He intended to do this by stating the goal the administration had towards Asia Pacific region. The goal was just to develop the multilateral forums for safety consultations while maintaining the sold foundation of the alliances. President Clinton has put more emphasis on the multilateral theme when he emphasized the phrase which was â€Å"a new Pacific community†. Winston used this expression earlier on although President Clinton placed it at the center stage internationally. Tokyo gets preoccupied by domestic political turmoil. It got preoccupied because the Japanese seemed to be reluctant to let the well known aspects of their bilateral security go. During the President Clinton administration, was somehow captivated because of the repayments multilateralism tent to give. The major disparagement of the United States governmental enthusiasm came from PRC. Despite the fact that Chinese suspected the idea, there was no any sign that what the Clinton administration was carrying on amounted to a closet form of unilateralism. The prospect for Northeast Asian multilateralism is so challenging. President Clinton, tent to give support concerning multilateral approaches in dealing with the problems of East Asia’s security. In the earlier administration, multilateralism was refused in support of reliance entirely on the existing bilateral alliances. The good security framework for the region consisted of a fan together with its base in Northern America and radiating west across the Pacific. The administration of Clinton reaffirmed the existing security alliances. It called for new equipments multilateral in character which was to supplement the U. S bilateral arrangements in dealing with the present emerging security problems. Washington did not advocate developing new comprehensive agencies, for example the conference on security and cooperation in Asia or the Northeast Asia Treaty Organization within this context. The multilateral agencies are going to be constructed for specific problems and they will differ in membership and the structure as required due to the administration of Clinton. The emphasis on a return towards a more traditional approach to a foreign policy in Asia is actually a prominence on bilateral and unilateral initiatives against multilateral ones. A larger focus on narrow military security issues over economic together with the marginalization of newer issues such as health and environment. However, there was tension and twist in the bush’s administration. The tension was concerning the conflict among the open trade wing of the Republican Party. The tension really emphasizes admission to the markets in promotion of U. S corporate interests. It again emphasized on the more security oriented folks who recognized military threats as the overriding concern of United States policy in the region. As a result, the tension was well-defined in assembly than in the executive branch. Pressure was far above the ground in White House depending on Bush’s arrangements to the key economic posts. The pressure was on the treasury, the United States Trade Representatives together with the description of the National Economic Council. Interweave was not similar with traditional realists. Some members of Bush’s Asia overseas policy squad saw a responsibility for advancing electoral democracy abroad. They saw it as a way of enhancing the economic welfare along with the safety of the United States within the area. During the Clinton’s administration, he tried to position rhetorically more emphasis on the two Asia Pacific forums. He again put more emphasis on the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Post Ministerial Conference plus the new ASEAN Regional Forum. As far as multilateralism is concerned, the Clinton administration expressed a readiness to pay attention in letting nations of the region decide on the regional problems instead of dictating them from Washington. Even if the Clinton administration acted in agreement with these promises they are still not clear. The idea of the President Clinton’s administration did not become a reality with reference to multilateral agencies in supplementing United States bilateral associations. It intended to give a framework for security dialogue as well as the cooperation. It wanted to do this by offering the potential to redress the most stressing aspects of the present approaches to achieving security objectives in East Asia. Bush has foreign policy advisers who had a significant experience about Asia. These advisers really shaped the Bush administration policy towards Asia; from the time Bush signified that he had a big personal interest in associations with Latin America and Europe. Relating to the economic issues, there is a slight difference linking the Clinton administration as well as the Bush administration. Bush seems to be more of an unconditional free trader. That means that even the present modest efforts at integrating environmental and labor matters into bilateral trade agreements will not be present from the Bush outline. This fact will be greeted with sighs of relief between the business leaders together with the region’s political leaders. The biggest change under Bush’s administration was a greater emphasis on intensifying the alliances. He wanted to intensify alliances on matters concerning bilateral with Japan, the Philippines, South Korea and Thailand. That created the establishment of the cold war-era security structural design in Asia. Bush noted that people must show the American powers and purpose in supporting Asian people. That meant that they must keep their promise to discourage violent behavior against the Republic of Korea as well as strengthening security ties with Japan. That was through expanding theater missile defenses between their allies. The main motivation for USG participation in East Asia has always been right of entry to the markets of Asia. In one way or the other the Bush administration determined to strengthen the United States and Japan alliance. He intended to strengthen them by encouraging Japan to play a significant role concerning security matters within the region. That includes the redefining assignment of Japan’s self-protection armed forces as well as paying more of the bills. It is not clear at all that there is support either in the area as a whole or within Japan for Japan to assume a better security task. From China’s opinion, Bush’s success raises the view of stronger White House assistance for theatre in addition to nationwide missile protection systems. His success again raises the advanced levels of United States arms supplies to Taiwan of which Beijing stubbornly opposes. Gore administration gave greater scope to organized labor than Bush White House. The AFL-CIO did not manage to prevent the Clinton administration against pursuing trade at no cost with China. Alternatively Japan has been far less pleased with the next term of the Clinton administration compared to China. Japan resented the downgrading of the United States associations as the keystone in Asia. Clinton’s administration gave acknowledgment on a regular basis to bilateral. He emphasized on U. S and South Korean initiatives within the current cautious steps in the direction of finishing the isolation of North Korea. It is said that President Clinton passed over Japan during his visit to Beijing which was done in the year 1998. There are some issues whereby the Bush administration differs drastically with the Clinton administration. It is said that the Clinton’s administration, there were actually some few foreign policy conquest stories. That was the negotiation of the established structure in the year 1994. North Korea arranged to chill its nuclear plan in trade for the structure of two nuclear reactors as well as fuel oil shipments. During the time when the United States had to follow the guide of South Korean President together with the North, connection eased and pressures on the neck of land were at their depths of despair in memory. During the administration of Bush it really threatened to demoralize the significant development which was made within this area. Congregational republicans over-involved time after time the implementation of the framework. It did this by preserving appropriations, even if South Korea and Japan provided the enormous bulk of the funds beneath the agreement. There are a good number of very essential continuities among the Clinton as well as the Bush administration concerning East Asian security policy. This should not surprise as much as the Clinton administration embraced a lot of bedrocks of post cold war East Asian. They inherited this from the first Bush administration which was actually based on long time United States interests. It might be surprising if at all there were not permanence across administration for the reason that the basics of the US security policy within East Asia really transcend administrations. It is very necessary to recall the aforesaid fundamentals of continuity since the Bush foreign policy team came to office. The Clinton administration had already a bad work with virtually every aspect of the East Asian security policy. It might be astonishing if at all there was no permanence within administrations for the reason that the basics of US security policy in East Asia go beyond administrations (Martin, 112). It is very essential to recall the aforementioned elements of continuity since the Bush foreign policy team appeared to the office. The Clinton administration did not do a good job with virtually every aspect of East Asia security policy. The only way to distinguish the Bush administration with the one for Clinton is that there was a lot of reticent to insist that the core of gravity of United States security policy within East Asia is the coalition with Japan. The Clinton administration was not sure whether China or Japan was significant. it was too preventive in connections with Taiwan even if in fairness, as far as security matters is concerned. The Clinton Defense Department started inquiring very seriously into the state of Taiwan’s defenses and it also started pressing Taiwan to recover the software characteristic of their defense attitude. Bush administration was too captivated with multilateralism that was unsuitable for the region or had the potential to deteriorate bi-lateral alliances. The administration of Bush had a more customary approach meaning that it is not likely to involve Asia effectively on two wide areas of growing concern. That is global environmental matters for example the climate change, ozone, invasive species and global health matters such like communicable diseases. Bush did not propose the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol. He did not consider China’s proposal that greenhouse gas discharge be restricted on a per capita basis instead of a per country basis. The very poor records that were kept by Bush concerning the environment in Texas didn’t bode very well in engaging Asia on essential environmental issues. However, the first Bush administration is more likely to be fragmented, incoherent as well as contradictory. It suffered from the vision thing for so many reasons. In the first place, the Bush administration lacked a clear mandate. When he was campaigning, the new president did not offer sound foreign policy plan as a package, Asia countries included. Last but not least, East Asia has really undergone a considerable transformation since the time President Bush started ruling. Nevertheless, the coverage of this revolution in the western press is over and over again restricted to articles on China’s environmental problems or North Korea’ nuclear ambitions. Most of the East Asia’s leaders believe that for United States policy toward East Asia which has always remained essentially bilateral as well as ad hoc for decades to go on to be valuable, it must be updated to reflect more accurately contemporary realities in the region. Finally, Multilateral as well as unilateral sanctions have always been imposed on Iran in order to increase the pressure on its regime. The United States puts more prominence on its wide range of unilateral sanctions. Works Cited Glen, S. Axis of Evil and Rogue States: The Bush Administration. Washington: Glen Segell Publishers, 2006. Martin, G. International Relations Theory for the Twenty-First Century. Routledge, 2007. Seung, H. North Korea’s Second Nuclear Crisis and Northeast Asian Security. New York: Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2007.

How to Find Adult Education and Earn Your GED in Ohio

How to Find Adult Education and Earn Your GED in Ohio GED (General Educational Development) testing in the state of Ohio is handled by the Ohio Department of Education. The state is continuing its partnership with GED Testing Service and, as of January 1, 2014, offers the new 2014 computer-based GED test. The Ohio GED site is very easy to use and offers lots of helpful information, including the dates of when the information is updated, so you know what you are reading is current. Clicking on the navigation links on the left side of the page will give you information about GED practice centers around the state, practice tests, directions for setting up an account at the GED Testing Service, necessary forms, and a long list of frequently asked questions. Also on the left navigation bar, youll find information about Ohios Adult Diploma Program, a job training program that helps adult students prepare for in-demand jobs in Ohio. Rather than focusing on hours and grades, the program is based on competency in a self-paced format. Once you have learned a set of competencies and can demonstrate mastery of each required skill, you are assigned a provider who helps you create a customized student success plan. There are five pilot schools involved with this program: Stark State Community CollegePickaway-Ross Joint Vocational SchoolMiami Valley Career TechnicalCenter, Cuyahoga Community CollegePenta Career Center Students can choose to learn the following careers: automotive service technicians and mechanics, bus drivers, computer and information systems managers, dental assistants, electricians, emergency medical technicians and paramedics, financial managers, general and operations managers, healthcare social workers, industrial truck and tractor operators, information security analysts, light truck or delivery drivers, nurse practitioners, occupational therapy assistants, office clerks, paralegals and legal assistants, sales managers, social workers, installers, and tellers. Lots of great choices! Ohio also offers an additional program for adult students called 22 Adult High School Diploma Program. This program is designed for adults 22 years old, or older, who want to pursue a career in a field not included in the Adult Diploma Program listed above. Counselors work with students to help them identify the jobs they want, the courses they need, and the assessments theyll need to take. This program is available at: Ashland County Community AcademyCleveland Academy for Scholarship Technology and LeadershipColumbus State Community CollegeDohn Community High SchoolLife Skills Center of DaytonLondon AcademyPolly Fox Academy Community SchoolQuaker Digital Academy (online)Townsend North Community School Contact information for each location is available on the programs page. Click on the gray box in the upper right corner for a PDF with complete information about this program, including how to watch a webinar with additional information about applying. Ohio Means Jobs From the Ohios Options for Adult Diploma and GED page, you have access to everything you need to know for the option you choose. Of special interest is the link under the Adult Diploma heading that reads: Ohio Means Jobs. Clicking on that link takes you to a new page where, if you select Individual, you can then specify if you are a veteran, unemployment compensation claimant, job and family services customer, an individual with a disability, or a college student, and you can search for jobs that fit your category. Links on that page also lead to more career help, including information about online learning and a budget calculator. Good luck! Return to the list of states.

Free Essays on Edward Weston

Edward Weston Formal Analysis When a formalistic critic analyzes a work of art, they look at certain things. The criticism of art is to stress the significance of form over content as the source of a work’s subjective appeal. In an analysis critics consider aesthetic effects created by design factors. The piece of artwork that I chose to formally analyze is a photograph by Edward Weston, entitled â€Å"Pepper†. There are many elements of this work, which contribute to the overall outcome of the photograph. At first glance the pepper seems to be a photograph of a man and a woman kissing, but when looked at closely you are able to see that the figure is in fact a pepper. Since the image is in black and white you are able to look past the color of a pepper, and look deeper into the form. Weston uses shadows and highlights to bring out features of the pepper that would not be noticed otherwise. The lighting also helps to show the real texture of the pepper by showing the smoothness of the skin. Since the background of the pepper is very dark also adds to the shadows and highlights, making the shadows very dark, and the highlights very light. The pepper chosen also portrays a part in the image. The pepper that Weston chose for this photograph is disfigured and not very recognizable as a pepper at first glance. The disfigurement of the pepper makes the viewer have to fully analyze the ima ge in order to fully understand the meaning and true content of the photograph. This analysis and the effects Weston used to take the picture, play in the overall outcome of the photograph. Weston uses different techniques in making his photograph unique. He places the pepper in a funnel to create depth, with darkness only in the background. He also crops the image so that the only thing that is seen in the photo is the pepper. This lets the viewer concentrate on the pepper itself and not on its surroundings. Since the pepper is... Free Essays on Edward Weston Free Essays on Edward Weston Edward Weston Formal Analysis When a formalistic critic analyzes a work of art, they look at certain things. The criticism of art is to stress the significance of form over content as the source of a work’s subjective appeal. In an analysis critics consider aesthetic effects created by design factors. The piece of artwork that I chose to formally analyze is a photograph by Edward Weston, entitled â€Å"Pepper†. There are many elements of this work, which contribute to the overall outcome of the photograph. At first glance the pepper seems to be a photograph of a man and a woman kissing, but when looked at closely you are able to see that the figure is in fact a pepper. Since the image is in black and white you are able to look past the color of a pepper, and look deeper into the form. Weston uses shadows and highlights to bring out features of the pepper that would not be noticed otherwise. The lighting also helps to show the real texture of the pepper by showing the smoothness of the skin. Since the background of the pepper is very dark also adds to the shadows and highlights, making the shadows very dark, and the highlights very light. The pepper chosen also portrays a part in the image. The pepper that Weston chose for this photograph is disfigured and not very recognizable as a pepper at first glance. The disfigurement of the pepper makes the viewer have to fully analyze the ima ge in order to fully understand the meaning and true content of the photograph. This analysis and the effects Weston used to take the picture, play in the overall outcome of the photograph. Weston uses different techniques in making his photograph unique. He places the pepper in a funnel to create depth, with darkness only in the background. He also crops the image so that the only thing that is seen in the photo is the pepper. This lets the viewer concentrate on the pepper itself and not on its surroundings. Since the pepper is...

Business Ethics and the Role of the Corporation Essay

Business Ethics and the Role of the Corporation - Essay Example For years, questions are raised on compliance of ethical values whereby many that violate laws, regard to have done so due to a loophole in the law. In this case, their defenses majors on strict compliance with laws that ignores ethical issues of fairness and honesty. Experts such as Dr Michael Novak provide insightful thoughts towards this discussion as he explore on business ethics and the role of the corporation. In examining this, I will answer the following questions as I seek to expound on Dr Novak views on business ethics and the role of the corporation. 1. Why does Dr. Novak have two sets of responsibilities for his definition of business ethics In his thought, Dr. Novak has two sets of responsibilities, which explore on the discussion of business ethics, which involves meeting the responsibilities of small businesses and corporations. The main reason why the Dr. Novak has two sets of responsibilities for his definition of business ethics is because they are vital behaviors t hat augment success. Business ethics regards an individual who has mastered habits required to fulfill his or her objectives. In his discussion, Dr Novak affirms that, a business serves the common good of the community it serves. In other words, it an economic association that seeks to satisfy customers with their commodities, increase profit margin, creates jobs opportunities and new wealth, and create a pleasing working environment where substantial work is rewarded to generate economic growth. It is considerable to discern that a business corporation falls under that category of augmenting economic growth, customer and employee satisfaction, and serving the community in honesty. Accordingly Dr Novak states that, a business ethic entails creating and imaging a World based on values of individuals, community, realism, creativity, and virtues of enterprises. In involves respecting individual rights to their own creativity and economic initiative. In this light, it means having a cul ture worth of the benefit of people, the needy, the business and community, and the maker. In a business set up, Dr, Novak regard ethics as the responsibilities of the small business and corporation to promote virtues of enterprise that initiate on creativity and economic initiative. 2. What does Dr. Novak say about the rule of law and its relationship to businesses? In his discussion, Dr. Novak creates notable insights on the rule of law and its relationship to business. He outlines that, the rule of law demands individuals or participants who have mastered habits required for business imperative. The rule of law of business springs its nature towards increasing customer satisfaction with commodities of values; augment a reasonable return on the Business Corporation and economic growth through economic initiatives such as creating job opportunities. This involves promoting ingenuity, invention, and progress through human enterprise, mind, and invention. Still, the statute of the la w majors on economic interests of citizens, establish a sense of community, respecting individuals rights hence, shaping a business culture that fosters virtues. With this in mind, the imperative of the law demands people in business to encourage their employees, shareholders to perceive policy issues and political ideas seriously, retires, and participating to electoral campaigns to vote. Following this, business cannot exist without the rule of law. Its relationship to the business entails the following. When individual rights are respected this would increase employee satisfaction, which increases work performance, and eventually boost economic growth. For success, businesses depend on individuals ready to work as a team. Contracts depend on the fulfillment of respect

Reason, Faith and Logos Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Reason, Faith and Logos - Essay Example Introduction Foundational to spiritual and philosophical investigations are the notions of reason and faith. Adherents to faith argue that true recognition of god or the divine cannot be grasped through the implementation of modern notions of reason. These views are contrasted with the perspective of humanist philosophers who advance notions of reason and science as necessary foundations of knowledge. In The Gay Science section 125 Nietzsche proclaims that God is dead – adding that we have killed him. Bearing in mind the long history of philosophical reflection on the interrelation of reason and faith, this essay considers whether religious faith has anything very significant to fear, or to gain, from the arguments of philosophers. Analysis There exists considerable exploration into concerns specifically related to the interaction of faith and reason, with many philosophers and theologians contending that faith is not necessarily removed from reason. Indeed, religious theologi ans and philosophers to justify religious belief have used both of these concepts. Some contentious have argued that when reason is properly implemented it affirms faith; in this sense reason and faith implement essentially the same methodological means of grasping reality or the divine (Wolterstoff 1998). Still, other perspectives that are less stringent than these understandings indicate that while reason and faith adopt different processes of understanding the world, the use of reason will never be able to contradict faith, as faith is the ‘true’ grasp of this divine order (Wolterstoff 1998). However, other thinkers have argued that the very existence of a notion of ‘faith’ necessitates that it be in-direct contention with notions of reason (Alston 1998). Essentially, this argument considers that there would be no use for a faith concept if faith truly aligned itself with reason. Understandably there is a significant history of thought devoted to the not ions of reason and faith and their interaction. One of the earliest recorded such philosophical considerations can be attributed to Greek antiquity. This period of philosophy, known as the classic period, witnessed an explosion of intellectual growth, as a variety of thinkers wrote and debated questions that ran to the essence of the universe and humanity’s place within it. While Judaic traditions were developed during this period, to a large degree their focus was on human existence; conversely, the Greek’s considered notions of faith in regards to larger cosmological concerns (Melchert 2002). To a degree it appears that two separate traditions of thought developed in Greek society, with one embracing religious beliefs and the other more philosophically based notions of reason (Melchert 2002). Still, these Greek belief patterns were not entirely exclusive. Some theorists contend that faith and reason interacted in Greek society through the mythmaking system that devel oped (Melchert 2002). In these regards, Greek gods emerged that also embodied some civic virtues. These virtues would then be dispersed down to daily life, as individuals would attempt to incorporate them into their value system and regular interactions. It was only later that